The following excerpt is from Velazquez v. Borg, 28 F.3d 110 (9th Cir. 1994):
In all cases in which a state prisoner's federal claims were not raised in state court and are therefore defaulted pursuant to an independent and adequate state procedural rule, federal habeas review of the claims is barred unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Coleman v. Thompson, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 2565, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991).
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