The following excerpt is from Forte v. Patterson PD Chief Tori Hughes, Case No. 1:13-CV-01980-LJO-SMS (E.D. Cal. 2014):
The standard is deliberately high. Applying a less demanding standard in failure-to-train cases would circumvent the rule against respondeat superior liability of municipalities. Id. at 392. "[M]unicipal liability under 1983 attaches whereand only wherea deliberate choice to follow a course of action is made from among various alternatives by [the relevant] officials." Penbauer v.
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