What is the test for determining whether a refugee has been discriminated against or persecuted?
Canada (Federal), Canada
The following excerpt is from Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Munderere, 2008 FCA 84 (CanLII):
Second, in cases where the evidence establishes a series of actions characterized to be discriminatory, and not persecutory, there is a requirement to consider the cumulative nature of that conduct. This requirement reflects the fact that prior incidents are capable of forming the foundation of present fear. See: Retnem v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (1991), 132 N.R. 53 (F.C.A.). This is also expressed in the UNHCR Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status ("Handbook on RefugeeStatus") in the following terms, at paragraph 53: [Citation omitted]
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