The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Mares, 940 F.2d 455 (9th Cir. 1991):
Defense counsel objected to the comments out of the presence of the jury, and the judge ruled that they were proper. We review a claim that the prosecutor's closing argument violated the appellant's fifth amendment rights de novo. United States v. Gray, 876 F.2d 1411, 1416 (9th Cir.1989) (review such a claim "independently and non-deferentially"), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 2168, 109 L.Ed.2d 497 (1990).
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