Does harmless error review apply in the federal circuit?

The federal circuit courts are divided concerning the proper application of harmless error review for instructional errors. An example of the conflicting [18 Cal.4th 496] approaches to the issue is United States v. Johnson (4th Cir.1995) 71 F.3d 139, where the defendant was convicted of armed robbery of a credit union. An essential element of the offense required the credit union to be federally insured. The prosecution presented uncontradicted evidence of the credit union's insured

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