When reviewing a claim of a violation of the constitutional right to confront, does the court apply the de novo standard of review?

In reviewing a claim that the Miranda rights were violated, how have courts reviewed the evidence in the context of Miranda rights claims? (California, United States of America)

Is a claim that a court abused its discretion in awarding restitution because the lower court applied an incorrect legal standard tantamount to a de novo review? (California, United States of America)

In reviewing a section 654 challenge, what standard of review does the court apply in reviewing the challenge? (California, United States of America)

Does a plaintiff's claim for equal rights under the Civil Rights Act apply to a defendant's claim of equal treatment? (California, United States of America)

Can a defendant bring a notice of appeal to the Court of Appeal claiming that he failed to raise his constitutional claims in the trial court? (California, United States of America)

How have the courts treated appellant's claim that the court deprived him of his constitutional right to due process by ordering him into placement without an adequate case plan? (California, United States of America)

What is the standard of review applied by a reviewing court to determine that a sentence is cruel and unusual? (California, United States of America)

How does the Court treat a claim by a defendant that an issue raised and decided in the trial court resulted in constitutional violations? (California, United States of America)

On appeal from the denial of a motion for acquittal, does the reviewing court apply the same standard as the trial court? (California, United States of America)

Is there any case law supporting a defendant's contention that the trial court violated his constitutional right to confront witnesses in the witness box? (California, United States of America)