What is the test for a federal judge to refuse to review a claim made by a state against a federal defendant?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Fields v. Calderon, 125 F.3d 757 (9th Cir. 1997):

Under the adequate and independent state grounds doctrine, federal courts "will not review a question of federal law decided by a state court if the decision of that court rests on a state law ground that is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the judgment." Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 2553, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). "[T]he procedural

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