The following excerpt is from United States v. Martoma, 869 F.3d 58 (2nd Cir. 2017):
The plain-error standard requires "that (1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected [Martoma's] substantial rights ... and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity[,] or public reputation of judicial proceedings." United States v. Prado , 815 F.3d 93, 100 (2d Cir. 2016).
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