The following excerpt is from United States v. Ndaula, No. 18-636 (2nd Cir. 2019):
3. Under the plain-error standard of review, "an appellate court may, in its discretion, correct an error not raised at trial only where the appellant demonstrates that (1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected the appellant's substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome of the district court proceedings; and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings." United States v. Rodriguez, 775 F.3d 533, 536 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
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