The following excerpt is from California Democratic Party v. Jones, 169 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. 1999):
"The relative merits of closed and open primaries have been the subject of substantial debate since the beginning of this century and no consensus has as yet emerged." Tashjian v. Republican Party of Conn., 479 U.S. 208, 222, 107 S.Ct. 544, 552, 93 L.Ed.2d
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