The following excerpt is from Gulliford v. Pierce County, 136 F.3d 1345 (9th Cir. 1998):
Defendants claim that they had probable cause to arrest plaintiff for obstructing a police officer in the conduct of his lawful duties. The First Amendment protects the right of citizens to verbally opposed and/or challenge police action so long as that challenge does not involve a threat or fighting words.
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City of Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 462, 107 S.Ct. 2502, 2510, 96 L.Ed.2d 398 (1987).
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