What is the range of damages in defamation cases?

In Brown, the British Columbia Court of Appeal found that compensatory damages in actions for defamation have many aspects, at para. 107: 1. the compensation for “insult offered and pain given”, to borrow the words of Lord Devlin in Rookes v. Barnard, [1964] 1 All E.R. 367 at 413; 2. vindication of reputation; 3. injury to pride and self-confidence – this may just be another way of saying “insult offered and pain given”; 4. social damage and possible economic damage which may result but which cannot be expressly proven – this is particularly important, in my opinion, in defamation in the mass media.