The following excerpt is from Barnes v. Roberts (In re Roberts), 538 B.R. 1 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2015):
actually believed that injury was substantially certain to occur. Carrillo v. Su (In re Su), 290 F.3d 1140, 114445 (9th Cir.2002). Proving a malicious injury requires a showing that the debtor (1) committed a wrongful act, (2) done intentionally, (3) which necessarily causes injury, and (4) was done without just cause or excuse. Id. at 114647.
The above passage should not be considered legal advice. Reliable answers to complex legal questions require comprehensive research memos. To learn more visit www.alexi.com.