The following excerpt is from United States v. Brown, 879 F.3d 1043 (9th Cir. 2018):
Under federal law, a defendant cannot be convicted of conspiracy if the only alleged coconspirator is a federal agent or informant. See United States v. Lo , 447 F.3d 1212, 1225 (9th Cir. 2006) ("[T]he agreement in a conspiracy cannot be established with evidence that the defendant had an agreement with a government informer.").
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