California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Gomez, F075678 (Cal. App. 2020):
"The independent or de novo standard of review is applicable in assessing whether instructions correctly state the law [citations] and also whether instructions effectively direct a finding adverse to a defendant by removing an issue from the jury's consideration [citations]." (People v. Posey (2004) 32 Cal.4th 193, 218.)
We thus turn to the merits of defendant's arguments.
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