California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from The People v. Harmon, F057994, No. VCF185453A (Cal. App. 2010):
In addition, "[t]he independent or de novo standard of review is applicable in assessing whether instructions correctly state the law [citations] and also whether instructions effectively direct a finding adverse to a defendant by removing an issue from the jury's consideration [citations]." (People v. Posey (2004) 32 Cal.4th 193, 218.)
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