The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Jerez, 935 F.2d 276 (9th Cir. 1991):
Id. at 1302 (quoting United States v. Mandujano, 499 F.2d 370, 376 (5th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1114 (1975)). Although the inquiry is essentially fact-bound, the reviewing court has a role: to see whether there is proof of conduct that goes beyond planning or preparation
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