What is the test for determining whether a party is liable for actions committed against other parties?

careful to distinguish allegations of conduct on which liability is to be based from allegations of motives for such conduct. "[C]auses of action do not arise from motives; they arise from acts." [Citation.]' [Citation.] ' "The court reviews the parties' pleadings, declarations and other supporting documents to determine what conduct is actually being challenged, not to determine whether the conduct is actionable." ' " (Hunter v. CBS Broadcasting, Inc. (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 1510, 1520.)