What is the test for assisting and abetting in the commissioning of a crime under section 31 of the California Criminal Code?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Buice, 230 Cal.App.2d 324, 40 Cal.Rptr. 877 (Cal. App. 1964):
Furthermore, with regard to section 31, it has long been settled that one may aid and abet in the commission of a crime without having previously entered into a conspiracy to commit it, so long as it is clear from the circumstances that their purpose was to assist each other in its accomplishment. (People v. Fleming (1961) 191 Cal.App.2d 163, 12 Cal.Rptr. 530; People v. Grischott (1951) 107 Cal.App.2d 631, 237 P.2d 712.)
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