What is the test for an excessive force claim in the course of an arrest?

An excessive force claim in the course of an arrest is analyzed under the Fourth Amendment's "objective reasonableness" standard. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 388 (1989). Objective reasonableness is determined based on the facts and circumstances at the moment of arrest without reference to the underlying intent or motivation of the officer. Id. at 397. Most importantly, the reasonableness of any particular use of force "must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight." Id. at 396.

The reasonableness of an officer's use of force is determined by balancing the "nature and

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