What is the test for a jury to find a defendant guilty under section 2(b) of the Civil Code of Civil Procedure?
MultiRegion, United States of America
The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Nolan, 136 F.3d 265 (2nd Cir. 1998):
This language clearly conformed to the indictment and gave the jury a correct understanding of the Government's burden under sections 2(b) and 1027. So long as "the jury [i]s armed with a correct statement of the applicable legal principles" governing "causer" liability under section 2(b), a misplaced or erroneous instruction on "aider" liability under section 2(a) will not preclude a finding of guilt under section 2(b). See United States v. Ruffin, 613 F.2d 408, 416 (2d Cir.1979).
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