The following excerpt is from United States v. Argueta-Rosales, 819 F.3d 1149 (9th Cir. 2016):
Conclusions of law following a bench trial are reviewed de novo. See Oswalt v. Resolute Indus., Inc., 642 F.3d 856, 859 (9th Cir.2011) ; cf. United States v. Knapp, 120 F.3d 928, 930 (9th Cir.1997) ("If a jury instruction misstates elements of a statutory crime, the standard of review is ... de novo. ").
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