California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Sandoval, 14 Cal.Rptr.2d 342, 4 Cal.4th 155, 841 P.2d 862 (Cal. 1992):
Similarly, it is the general rule for error under the United States Constitution that reversal requires prejudice and prejudice in turn is presumed unless the government shows that the failing was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (See, e.g., Rose v. Clark (1986) 478 U.S. 570, 576-579, 106 S.Ct. 3101, 3105-3107, 92 L.Ed.2d 460.)
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