The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Ramirez-Amaya, 812 F.2d 813 (2nd Cir. 1987):
The different interests protected by prohibitions against importation and against possession with intent to distribute are obvious. The latter is aimed principally against the distribution of narcotics; the former implicates as well the United States' interests in the integrity of its borders. Further, conspiracies have traditionally been viewed as offenses that cause kinds of harm that are distinguishable from the harm caused by the underlying substantive offenses. See Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587, 593-94, 81 S.Ct. 321, 325, 5 L.Ed2d 312 (1961) (collective criminal agreement is a greater potential threat to the public than the individual delicts because, inter alia, it makes possible the attainment of more complex aims and "makes more likely the commission of crimes unrelated to the original purpose for which the group was formed"); United States v. Rabinowich, 238 U.S. 78, 88, 35 S.Ct. 682, 684, 59 L.Ed. 1211 (1915) (conspiracy is an "essentially different" offense because, inter alia, "[i]t involves deliberate plotting to subvert the laws, educating and preparing the conspirators for further and habitual criminal practices").
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