The following excerpt is from Hardy v. Chappell, 849 F.3d 803 (9th Cir. 2016):
Prior to the passage of AEDPA, federal courts reviewed state court convictions for habeas consideration using a standard akin to de novo review. See Brown v. Allen , 344 U.S. 443, 50003, 73 S.Ct. 397, 97 L.Ed. 469 (1953). AEDPA revised the standard of review limiting a federal court's review of state court decisions which are "contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law." 2254(d).
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