California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Thomas v. Country Villa Serv. Corp., B264749 (Cal. App. 2016):
Generally, "'"[t]he elements of fraud, which gives rise to the tort action for deceit, are (a) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity (or "scienter"); (c) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage."' (Lazar v. Superior Court (1996) 12
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