The following excerpt is from Gumm v. C.I.R., 933 F.2d 1014 (9th Cir. 1991):
(1) [t]hat the alleged transferee received property of the transferor; (2) that the transfer was made without consideration or for less than adequate consideration; (3) that the transfer was made during or after the period for which the tax liability of the transferor accrued; (4) that the transferor was insolvent prior to or because of the transfer of property or that the transfer of property was one of a series of distributions of property that resulted in the insolvency of the transferor; (5) that all reasonable efforts to collect from the transferor were made and that further collection efforts would be futile; and (6) the value of the transferred property (which determines the limit of the transferee's liability).
Gumm v. Commissioner, No. 12586-85 at 10 (October 11, 1989) (citations omitted).
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