It is the court which defines the legal standard (Hopp v. Lepp and Reibl v. Hughes) with reference to two sources: a) expert medical evidence as to recognized risks inherent both in the given procedure and alternatives, their likelihood of occurrence, the consequences of leaving the ailment untreated and other pertinent matters; b) evidence as to what the patient deems relevant to his decision, or at least what the doctor knew or ought to have known in this regard (Reibl v. Hughes).
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