In Fielding v. Fielding, Mackinnon J. heard and accepted expert evidence that parental alienation is established if, i. there was a prior positive relationship with the targeted parent; ii. there is an absence of abuse by the targeted parent; iii. the alienating parent uses many of the alienating strategies; and iv. the child exhibits most of the alienated child behaviours (2013 ONSC 5102, at para. 135).
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