The following excerpt is from Lund v. Cowan, 20-55764 (9th Cir. 2021):
Judicial immunity only applies to judicial acts, and not to "the administrative, legislative, or executive functions that judges may on occasion be assigned by law to perform." Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219, 227 (1988). To determine whether an act is judicial, we consider these factors: whether "(1) the precise act is a normal judicial function; (2) the events occurred in the judge's chambers; (3) the controversy centered around a case then pending before the judge; and (4) the events at issue arose directly and immediately out of a confrontation with the judge in his or her official capacity." Duvall, 260 F.3d at 1133 (cleaned up).
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