The following excerpt is from Hicks v. Diaz, Case No.: 3:20-cv-00217-CAB-BLM (S.D. Cal. 2020):
United States, 197 F.3d 1245, 1248 (9th Cir. 1999) ("Causation is, of course, a required element of a 1983 claim.") (citing Oviatt v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1474 (9th Cir. 1992)).
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