California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Spillman, H047057 (Cal. App. 2020):
offense, (3) by act or advice aids, promotes, encourages or instigates, the commission of the crime." (People v. Beeman (1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 561.) Direct aider and abettor liability for murder remains unchanged under current law.
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