Is a defendant liable as a direct aider and abettor to a murder?

To address appellants' claims, we must briefly trace the legal principles regarding attempted murder as they relate to aiding and abetting liability. "There are two distinct forms of culpability for aiders and abettors." (People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th 155, 158 (Chiu).) First, to be liable as a direct aider and abettor to murder, the prosecution must show the defendant aided or encouraged the commission of the murder with knowledge of the perpetrator's unlawful purpose, and with the intent or purpose of committing, encouraging, or facilitating its commission. (Id. at pp. 166-167.) Consequently, the aider and

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