The following excerpt is from Smith v. Cobb, Case No.: 15-cv-00176-GPC (S.D. Cal. 2017):
The fourth affirmative defense, qualified immunity, "is an affirmative defense that must be pleaded in the answer." Norwood v. Vance, 591 F.3d 1062, 1075 (9th Cir. 2010).
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