California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Delgado, 238 Cal.Rptr.3d 697, 27 Cal.App.5th 1092 (Cal. App. 2018):
Another way to phrase the Chapman test is this: " Is it clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have found the defendant guilty absent the error? " ( People v. Merritt (2017) 2 Cal.5th 819, 827, 216 Cal.Rptr.3d 265, 392 P.3d 421.) Here, the answer is "yes."
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