The following excerpt is from Green v. Paramo, Case No. 18-cv-00480-BAS-AGS (S.D. Cal. 2018):
"may not supply essential elements of the claim that were not initially pled. Vague and conclusory allegations of official participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss." Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266. 268 (9th Cir. 1982) (citations omitted).
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