California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Lopez, F067368 (Cal. App. 2015):
"'Where a defendant is charged with a violent crime and has or had a previous relationship with a victim, prior assaults upon the same victim, when offered on disputed issues, e.g., identity, intent, motive, etcetera, are admissible based solely upon the consideration of identical perpetrator and victim without resort to a "distinctive modus operandi" analysis of other factors.' [Citations.]" (People v. Kovacich (2011) 201
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