In what circumstances will a plaintiff bring an excessive use of force claim?

To the extent plaintiff seeks to bring an Eighth Amendment excessive use of force claim, plaintiff is advised that in order to succeed on that claim, he must allege and establish that defendants unnecessarily and wantonly inflicted pain. See Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 320 (1986). Plaintiff must allege facts that explain how each named defendant was involved, the type of force that was allegedly used, and show that each defendant intended to cause plaintiff harm and was aware that plaintiff was in pain or discomfort as a result of his or her actions.

In addition, plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading in order to make plaintiff's amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. This is because, as a general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967). Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading no

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