In what circumstances have courts found tight handcuffing to constitute excessive force?

In general, in cases where tight handcuffing was found to constitute excessive force, the plaintiff was in visible pain, repeatedly asked the defendant to remove or loosen the handcuffs, had pre-existing injuries known to the defendant, or alleged other forms of abusive conduct by the defendant. Shaw v. City of Redondo Beach, 2005 WL 6117549, at * 7 (C.D. Cal. 2005) ("In those tight handcuffing cases in which courts have found excessive force, the arrestee was either in visible pain, complained of pain, alerted the officer to pre-existing injuries, sustained more severe

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