The following excerpt is from Hatton v. Bonner, 346 F.3d 938 (9th Cir. 2003):
2 Although Russell v. Gregoire, 124 F.3d 1079, 1087-88, 1090 (9th Cir.1997), did not consider the placement of the Washington registration and notification provisions in the criminal rather than the civil code, it held that their text and structure revealed a regulatory rather than punitive purpose.
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