The following excerpt is from Continental Maritime of San Francisco, Inc. v. Pacific Coast Metal Trades Dist. Council, Metal Trades Dept., AFL-CIO, 817 F.2d 1391 (9th Cir. 1987):
2 Courts have assumed that this doctrine exempts both parties to the agreement from antitrust liability, both unions and employers. See Mackey v. N.F.L., 543 F.2d 606, 612 (8th Cir.1976) and cases cited therein.
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