The following excerpt is from United States v. Gorman, 859 F.3d 706 (9th Cir. 2017):
This is so because the "[t]emporary detention of individuals during the stop of an automobile by the police, even if only for a brief period and for a limited purpose, constitutes a seizure of persons' within the meaning of [the Fourth Amendment]." Whren v. United States , 517 U.S. 806, 80910, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996). The observation of a traffic infraction provides "[a]uthority for the seizure" of the driver only until the "tasks tied to the traffic infraction areor reasonably
[859 F.3d 715]
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