Does section 31(1) of the California Criminal Code apply to a defendant who was not directly involved in the crime?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Garcia, D058280 (Cal. App. 2012):
"Because section 31[3 ] defines as principals all who directly commit a given offense or who aid and abet in its commission, the same criminal liability attaches whether a defendant directly perpetrates the offense or aids and abets the perpetrator." (People v. Montoya (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1027, 1038-1039, italics omitted.)
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