California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Kelly v. City of Fresno, 159 Cal.App.3d 110, 205 Cal.Rptr. 416 (Cal. App. 1984):
We agree with petitioner. However, we purposely avoid the temptation to treat this as a constitutional interpretation case rather than a statutory interpretation case. We need not frame the issue in emotionally evocative terms, i.e., "Do police have greater (more) Miranda rights than other citizens?" Instead, we must decide whether a public safety officer has a constitutional right to remain silent, statutorily extended to administrative investigation/interrogation situations, when it is likely criminal charges will be filed. Another provision of the act has been termed a "statutory privilege." (Estes v. City of Grover City (1978) 82 Cal.App.3d 509, 516, 147 Cal.Rptr. 131.)
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