California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Ochoa v. Cnty. of Kern, 22 Cal.App.5th 235, 231 Cal.Rptr.3d 274 (Cal. App. 2018):
only apply to investigations "by [the public safety officer's] commanding officer, or any other member of the employing public safety department, that could lead to punitive action ...." ( 3303, italics added; accord, Paterson v. City of Los Angeles (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1393, 1400, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 333.)
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