The following excerpt is from Crandell v. Bunnell, 25 F.3d 754 (9th Cir. 1994):
Crandell claims he did not voluntarily waive his right to counsel and elect self-representation in the municipal court proceedings. This is a mixed question of law and fact which we review de novo. United States v. Robinson, 913 F.2d 712, 714 (9th Cir.1990).
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