The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Gonzalo Beltran, 915 F.2d 487 (9th Cir. 1990):
A district court's refusal to order the government to accept a subpoena for a confidential informer produced the same effects as a decision to allow the government to exercise its privilege not to disclose the identity of a confidential informer. The individual defendant loses the value of whatever testimony the informer may provide and the public advances its "interest in effective law enforcement." Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 59, 77 S.Ct. 623, 627, 1 L.Ed.2d 639 (1957). In order to
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