What is the test for equal protection and equal benefit under s.15(1) of the Charter of Canada's equal protection legislation?

Canada responds that the reason the Plaintiffs do not qualify under the 1985 amendments is because of their enfranchisement and not due to any discrimination. In testing for a breach of the equal protection and equal benefit provisions of s. 15 of the Charter, certain questions must be addressed: First, does the impugned law (a) draw a formal distinction between the claimant and others on the basis of one or more personal characteristics, or (b) fail to take into account the claimant's already disadvantaged position within Canadian society resulting in substantively differential treatment between the claimant and others on the basis of one or more personal characteristics? If so, there is differential treatment for the purpose of s. 15(1). Second, was the claimant subject to differential treatment on the basis of one or more of the enumerated and analogous grounds? And third, does the differential treatment discriminate in a substantive sense, bringing into play the purpose of s. 15(1) of the Charter in remedying such ills as prejudice, stereotyping, and historical disadvantage? Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), 1999 CanLII 675 (SCC), [1999] 1 SCR 497 at para. 39.