The following excerpt is from Armstead v. Virga, No. 2: 11-cv-1054 JAM KJN P (E.D. Cal. 2012):
Inmates have a fundamental constitutional right of access to the courts. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 346 (1996). The right of access to the courts is merely the right to bring to court a grievance the inmate wishes to present, and is limited to direct criminal appeals, habeas petitions, and civil rights actions. Lewis, 518 U.S. at 354. To bring a claim, a prisoner must have suffered an actual injury by being shut out of court. Lewis, 518 U.S. at 351.
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