California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Underwood, 175 Cal.App.3d 745, 221 Cal.Rptr. 249 (Cal. App. 1985):
The defendant's acts and statements establish that he helped perpetrate the robbery and meant to effect its successful conclusion. His culpability as a perpetrator was therefore shown as a matter of law and the jury instructions on aiding and abetting were therefore inapplicable and unnecessary on the charge of robbery. (People v. Hayes (1985) 169 Cal.App.3d 898, 910-911, 215 Cal.Rptr. 595.)
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